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© for/by Peter L. Patrick. May contain
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A Bibliography of
works on
African American
English
by Peter L. Patrick,
Univ.of Essex
This
bibliography was first developed for a graduate seminar I taught in fall 1997 at
Note to Students doing Research Papers:
Many
people write me with questions about African American English; when I have time
away from my own students, I try to respond. But it’s unlikely that I will tell
you more about the works listed here -- your best bet is to read them yourself.
After all, that’s why I developed this page! My answer, almost every time, is
to point you back to the works listed below. Also, I do not have recordings,
transcripts and texts that I can send you – or rather, what I do have you will
find online off of my homepage. That said, I am happy to try to answer good
questions, or refer you to my colleagues who can do a better job.
What’s Here and What’s Not
There
is no end to bibliographies, so I have not tried to include everything I know
about. The emphasis here is on scholarly works, with a (socio)linguistic
orientation; popular works, or works from other disciplines, may appear if I
know about them, and if I think they’re well done & relevant.
Works included here all
focus directly on AAE, with very few exceptions (eg, Jane Hill’s entries
on racism in American English are here because they directly influence recent
work on AAE, cf. Ronkin & Karn 1999). Works on Atlantic creoles with only a
passing mention of AAE have been entirely left out, despite their evident
relation (but eg, Holm 1988 has a sizable section on AAE). Some works on Gullah
are included (eg
Where author name and
publication year appear highlighted in green at
the end of an entry, clicking on it will bring up a summary of the work or part
thereof. Works followed by [brief] are
already 1-3 page summary items. For more info see Summaries; for more
bibliographies see
below.
A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P R S T V W Y Z
Abrahams, Roger D. 1962.
Playing the dozens. Journal of American Folklore 75: 209-218.
Abrahams, Roger D. 1970. Deep
down in the jungle.
Abrahams,
Roger D. 1970. Rapping and capping:
Black talk as an art.
Abrahams, Roger D. 1974. Black talking on the streets. In Explorations in the ethnography of speaking, eds. Richard Bauman and Joel Sherzer.
Abrahams,
Roger D. 1975. Negotiating respect: Patterns of presentation among Black women.
In Women and Folklore, ed. Claire Farrer.
Abrahams, Roger D. 1976. Talking
Black.
Adger, Carolyn. 1986. When
difference does not conflict: Successful arguments between Black and Vietnamese
classmates. Text 6(2): 223-237.
Adger, Carolyn, et al.
1993. Confronting dialect minority issues in special education: Reactive and
proactive perspectives.
Adger,
Carolyn Temple, Donna Christian, and Orlando
Aggarwal,
Kailash S. 1998. Exploring American ideologies of language. CIEFL
Bulletin (New series) 9(2): 1-22. [Aggarwal 1998]
Akinnaso, F. Niyi, & Cheryl Seabrook Ajirotutu. 1982. Performance and ethnic style in job interviews. In Language and social identity, ed. by John Gumperz, 119-144. [Akinnaso 1982]
Alim, H. Samy. 2002. Street-conscious copula variation in the Hip-Hop Nation. American Speech 77(3): 288-304.
Alim, H. Samy. 2004. You know my
steez: An ethnographic and sociolinguistic study of styleshifting in a Black
American speech community. Publication
of the American Dialect Society (PADS 89).
Alim, H. Samy. 2006. Roc the mic right: The
language of hip hop culture. Routledge.
Allen, Harold B. and Gary N.
Underwood, eds. 1971.
Alleyne, Mervyn C. 1980. Comparative
Afro-American: An historical-comparative study of English-based Afro-American
dialects of the
Anderson, Bridget L. 2002. Dialect
leveling and /ai/ monophthongization among African American Detroiters. Journal of Sociolinguistics 6(1): 86-98.
Anderson, Carolyn, Marlene Fine, and Fern Johnson. 1983. Black
talk on television: A constructivist approach to viewers’ perception of BEV in Roots
II. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
4(2-3):181-195.
Anshen, Frank. 1969.
Speech variation among Negroes in a small Southern community. Ph.D. dissertation.
Ash,
Bailey, Benjamin. 1997.
Communication of respect in interethnic service encounters. Language in
Society 26(3): 327-356.
Bailey, Benjamin.
2000. Language and negotiation of ethnic/racial identity among Dominican
Americans. Language in Society 29(4):
555-582.
Bailey, Beryl L. 1965.
Toward a new perspective on American Negro dialectology. American Speech
11:171-77.
Bailey, Guy. 1987. Are Black
and White vernaculars diverging? American Speech 62:32-40.
Bailey,
Guy. 1990. The idea of Black English. SECOL Review 14 (Spring 1990):
1-24.
Bailey,
Guy. 1993. A perspective on African-American English. In American Dialect
Research, ed. Dennis Preston.
Bailey, Guy. 1996. Review of
R. Butters (1989), The death of Black English. American Speech
71(1): 98-102.
Bailey, Guy. 2001. The
relationship between African American Vernacular English and White vernaculars
in the American South: A sociocultural history and some phonological evidence.
In Lanehart, Sonja L (ed), Sociocultural and historical contexts of African
American English.
Bailey,
Guy, and Natalie Maynor. 1985a. The present tense of be in Southern Black folk
speech. American Speech 60: 195-213.
Bailey, Guy, and Natalie
Maynor. 1987. Decreolization? Language in Society 16: 449-74.
Bailey, Guy, and Natalie
Maynor. 1987. The verbal -s inflection in Earlier Black English.
Southeastern Conference on Linguistics.
Bailey,
Guy, and Natalie Maynor. 1989. The divergence controversy. American Speech 64:
12-39. [Bailey & Maynor 1989]
Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor,
and Patricia Cukor-Avila, eds. 1991. The emergence of Black English: Texts
and commentary.
Bailey,
Guy, and Cynthia Schnebly. 1988. Auxiliary deletion in the Black English vernacular. Language
change and contact: Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on New Ways of
Analyzing Variation, eds. Kathleen Ferrara et al.
Bailey,
Guy, and Erik Thomas. 1998. Some aspects of African-American vernacular English
phonology. In Mufwene et al, eds., African American English: Structure,
history and use: 85-109.
Bailey, Richard W. 1983.
Education and the law: The King case in
Baird, Scott James. 1969. Employment interview
speech: A social dialect study in
Ball, Arnetha F. 1991. Organizational patterns in
the oral and written expository language of african-American adolescents:
Choice vs. ability. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the American
Educational Research Association,
Ball, Arnetha F., and Lardner,
Ted. 1997. Dispositions toward
language: Teacher constructs of knowledge and the Ann Arbor Black English case.
College Composition and Communication 48(4): 469-485. [Ball &
Lardner 1997]
Baran, Jane & Harry
Seymour. 1976. “The influence of three phonological rules of Black English on
the discrimination of minimal word pairs.” Journal of Speech and Hearing
Research 129:467-474.
Baratz, Joan C. 1969. A bi-dialectal task for determining language proficiency in
economically disadvantaged Negro children. Child Development 40(3).
Baratz, Joan C. 1969. Language
and cognitive assessment of Negro children: Assumptions and research needs. ASHA 11(3).
Baratz,
Joan C. and Roger Shuy, eds. 1969. Teaching Black children to read.
Barnes, Sandra L. 1998.
Ebonics and public awareness: Who knows? Who cares? Journal of Black Studies
29(1): 17-33. [Barnes 1998]
Baugh, John. 1979. Linguistic
style-shifting in Black English. Ph.D. dissertation.
Baugh, John. 1980. A
re-examination of the Black English copula. In Locating language in time and
space, ed. William Labov.
Baugh, John.
Baugh, John. 1984. Steady:
Progressive aspect in Black English Vernacular.American Speech 59: 1-12.
Baugh, John. 1987. The
situational dimension of linguistic power. Language Arts 64:234-240.
Baugh, John. 1991. The politicization of changing terms of self-reference among American Slave Descendants. American Speech 66(2): 133-46. [Baugh 1991]
Baugh, John. 1992.
Hypocorrection: Mistakes in production of vernacular African American English
as a second dialect. Language Communication 12 (3/4):317-26.
Baugh, John. 1995. The law,
linguistics, and education: Educational reform for African American language
minority students. Linguistics and Education.
Baugh, John, co-editor with
GR Guy, C Feagin, D Schiffrin. 1995. Towards a social science of language:
Papers in honor of William Labov. Vol. I: Variation and change in
language and society contains a section on African-American varieties of
English with papers by Baugh, D Bickerton, R Fasold & Y Nakano, P
Patrick and J Rickford.
Baugh, John. 1996.
Perceptions within a variable paradigm: Black and White detection based on
speech. In Edgar Schneider, ed., Focus on the
Baugh, John, co-editor with
Baugh, John. 1998.
Linguistics, education and the law: Educational reform for African-American
language minority students. In Mufwene et al, eds., African American
English: Structure, history and use: 282-301.
Baugh, John. 1999. Out of
the mouths of slaves: African American Language and educational malpractice.
Cf. Purnell, Idsardi
& Baugh 1999, below
Baugh, John. 2000. Beyond
Ebonics: Linguistic pride and racial prejudice.
Baugh, John. 2000. Racial
identification by speech. American Speech 75(4):362-364. [brief]
Baugh, John. 2001. Applying
linguistic knowledge of African American English to help students learn and
teachers teach. In Lanehart, Sonja L (ed), Sociocultural
and historical contexts of African American English, 319-330.
Bender, Emily. 2000.
Syntactic variation and linguistic competence: The case of AAVE copula absence.
PhD diss.,
Bereiter,
Carl, & Siegfired Engelmann. 1966. Teaching disadvantaged children in the pre-school.
Engelwood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bernstein, Cynthia. 1991.
Appendix. Two letters written by former slaves (transcribed). In Bailey et al.
1991:327-329. [brief]
Bernstein, Cynthia, Thomas
Nunnally & Robin Sabino, eds. 1997. Language variety in the South
revisited.
Berthele, Raphael. 2000.
Translating African American Vernacular English into German: The problem of
‘Jim’ in Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn.
Journal of Sociolinguistics 4(4): 588-613.
Bins, Carolyn Fitchett.
1972. Toward an ethnography of contemporary African American oral poetry. In
William K Riley & David M Smith, eds., Languages and Linguistics Working
Papers, no. 5: Sociolinguistics, 76-94.
Blake, Renée. 1997. Defining
the envelope of linguistic variation: The case of ‘don’t-count’ forms in the
copula analysis of African American Vernacular English. Language Variation
and Change 9:55-80.
Blake, Renée, & Cecilia
Cutler. 2003. AAE and variation in teachers’ attitudes: A question of school
philosophy? Linguistics and Education 14(2): 163-194. [Blake &
Cutler 2003]
Botan, Carl & Geneva
Smitherman. 1991. Black English in the integrated workplace. Journal of
Black Studies 22(2): 168-85.
Botkin, Bruce A., ed. 1989
[1945]. Lay my burden down: A folk history of slavery. NY: Delta Books. [Botkin 1989] [A source of spoken texts and
perspectives rather than analyses of language]
Bouchard-Ryan,
Ellen. 1969. A psycholinguistic attitude study. Studies in Language and
Language Behavior 8: 437-450. [Bouchard-Ryan
1969]
Bowie, R. L, and C. L. Bond. 1994. Influencing teachers’
attitudes towards Black English: Are we making a difference? Journal of
Teacher Education 45: 112-118. [Bowie & Bond
1994]
Brewer,
Jeutonne P. 1977. Subject concord of be in Early Black English. In Papers
in Linguistic Variation: SAMLA-ADS, eds.
Brewer, Jeutonne P. 1979.
Nonagreeing am and invariant be in Early Black English. The
SECOL Bulletin 3: 81-100.
Brewer, Jeutonne P. 1986. Durative
marker or hypercorrection? The case of -s in the WPA slave narratives.
M. Montgomery and G. Bailey, eds., 131-48.
Brewer, Jeutonne P. 1991.
Songs, sermons and life-stories: The legacy of the Ex-Slave recordings. In
Bailey et al. 1991: 155-72.
Brooks, Charlotte K., ed.
1985. Tapping Potential: English and Language Arts for the Black Learner.
Brown, H. Rap. 1972. Street
talk. In T. Kochman, ed., 205-207. [brief]
Bucholtz, Mary. 1995. From mulatta
to mestiza: Passing and the linguistic reshaping of ethnic identity.
Kira Hall & Mary Bucholtz, eds., Gender articulated: Language and the
socially constructed self.
Bucholtz, Mary. 1996.
Marking black: The construction of white identities through African American
Vernacular English. Paper presented to Georgetown Linguistic Society,
Bucholtz, Mary. 1996.
Fluency and fluidity in white teenagers’ use of African American Vernacular
English. Paper presented to American Anthropological Association meeting,
November 1996.
Bucholtz, Mary. 1997.
Borrowed Blackness: African American Vernacular English and European American
youth identities. Ph.D. dissertation.
Bucholtz, Mary. 1999. ‘You
da man’: Narrating the racial other in the production of white masculinity. Journal
of Sociolinguistics 3(4): 443-460. [Special issue on 'Styling the
Other', ed. Ben Rampton]
Buck, J. 1968. The effects
of Negro and white dialectal variations upon attitudes of college students. Speech
Monographs 35: 181-186.
Burling, Robbins. 1973. English
in Black and White.
Burnett,
Butters,
Ronald R. 1973.
Black English {-Z}: Some theoretical implications. American Speech 48:
37-45.
Butters, Ronald R. 1984.
When is English ‘Black English Vernacular’? Journal of English Linguistics
17(1):29-36.
Butters, Ronald R. 1986. Linguistic convergence in a
Butters,
Ronald R. 1989. The
death of Black English: Divergence and convergence in Black and White vernaculars.
Bamberger Beiträge zur englischen Sprachswissenschaft 25. Frankfurt am
Main: Peter Lang.
Butters, Ronald R. 2000.
‘What is about to take place is a murder’: Construing the racist subtext in a
small-town
Butters,
Ronald R., and Ruth M. Nix. 1986. The English of Blacks in
Cassidy, Frederic Gomes.
1980. The place of Gullah. American Speech
55: 3-16.
Cecil, N.L. 1988. Black
dialect and academic success: A study of teacher expectations. Reading
Improvement: 34-38, 25. [Cecil 1988]
Chambers, John W., Jr., ed.
1983. Black English: educational equity and the law.
Chun,
Elaine. 2001. The construction of White, Black, and Korean American identities
through African American Vernacular English. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 11(1): 52-64.
Cole, Patricia A. &
Orlando L. Taylor. 1990. Performance of working class African American children
on three tests of articulation. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in
Schools 21(3): 171-76.
Cooley, Marianne. 1997. An
early representation of African-American English. In C Bernstein, T Nunnally
& R Sabino, eds., Language variety in the South revisited.
Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 51-58.
Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 1988.
Determining change in progress vs. stable variation in two studies of BEV.
Southeastern Conference on Linguistics,
Cukor-Avila,
Patricia and Guy Bailey. 1996. The spread of urban AAVE: A case study. In Jennifer Arnold,
Renee Blake, Brad Davison, Scott Schwenter and Julie Solomon, eds., Sociolinguistic
Variation: Data, theory and analysis. Selected papers from NWAV-23 at Stanford:
469-485. Stanford Ca: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 1999.
Stativity and copula absence in AVE: Grammatical constraints at the
subcategorical level. Journal of English Linguistics 27(4):341-355.
Cukor-Avila, Patricia and
Guy Bailey. 2001. The effects of the race of the interviewer on sociolinguistic
fieldwork. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5(2):254-270.
Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 2001.
Co-existing grammars: The relationship between the evolution of African
American and Southern White Vernacular English in the South. In Lanehart, Sonja
L (ed), Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American English.
Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 2003. The complex grammatical history of
African-American and white vernaculars in the South. In
Stephen J Nagle & Sara L Sanders, eds., English in the
Cunningham, Irma A.E. 1970. A syntactic analysis of Sea island
Creole (“Gullah”). PhD dissertation, University of Michigan. [Published 1992 as
PADS 75: Publications of the American Dialect Society 75. Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press.]
Cutler, Cecilia A. 1999.
Yorkville Crossing: White teens, hip hop, and African American English. Journal
of Sociolinguistics 3(4): 428-442. Special issue on 'Styling the Other',
ed. Ben Rampton. (An earlier version appeared in 1997 as "Yorkville
Crossing: A case study of the influence of hip hop culture on the speech of a
white middle class adolescent in New York City."
Dalby, David. 1971. Black
through White: Patterns of communication in
Dalby, David. 1972. The
African element in American English. In Rappin' and Stylin' Out:
Communication in Urban Black
Dalgish,
Gerald M. 1972. A dictionary of Africanisms: Contributions of Sub-Saharan
Dance, Daryl Cumber.
1978. Shuckin'
and jivin': Folklore from contemporary Black Americans.
Dandy,
Evelyn B. 1991. Black
Communications: Breaking down the barriers.
Dannenberg,
Clare, and Walt Wolfram. 1998. Ethnic identity and grammatical restructuring: Be(s)
in Lumbee English. American Speech 73(2): 139-159.
Davis, Lawrence M. and
Xiozhao Huang. 1995. Syntactic features of Muncie African-American English:
Eight case studies. Journal of English Linguistics 23 (1/2): 141-154.
DeBose, Charles E. 1992.
Codeswitching: Black English and Standard English in the African American
linguistic repertoire. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
13(12): 157-67. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. [Special issue on Codeswitching, ed. Carol
Eastman]
Debose, Charles, and
Nicholas Faraclas. 1993. An Africanist approach to the linguistic study of
Black English: Getting to the African roots of the tense/aspect/modality and
copula systems in Afro-American. S. Mufwene, ed., Africanisms in
Afro-American language varieties: 364-387.
Debose, Charles. 2005. The sociology of African American language:
A language planning
perspective. Palgrave.
D’Eloia, Sarah G. 1973.
Issues in the analysis of Negro non-standard English: A review of J. L.
Dillard's Black English: Its history and usage in the
Delpit, Lisa. 1998. Ebonics
and culturally responsive instruction. In Theresa Perry and Lisa Delpit, eds., The
real Ebonics debate: Power, language, and the education of African-American
children.
Denning,
Keith. 1989.
Convergence with divergence: A sound change in Vernacular Black English. Language
Variation and Change 1: 145-167.
Deser, Toni. 1990. Dialect
transmission and variation: An acoustic analysis of vowels in six urban
DeStefano, J. 1971. Black
attitudes toward Black English: A pilot study.
Di Giulio, R.C. 1973.
Measuring teacher attitudes toward Black English: A pilot project. The
Dillard, Joseph L. 1964. The writings of Herskovits and the study of the language of the
Negro in the
Dillard, Joseph L. 1968.
Non-standard Negro dialects-convergence or divergence?
Dillard, J. L. 1969.
Bidialectal education: Black English and Standard English in the
Dillard,
J.L. 1970. Non-standard Negro dialects:
Convergence or divergence? In Afro-American anthropology: Contemporary
perspectives, eds. Norman E. Whitten, Jr., & John F. Szwed.
Dillard,
J.L. 1971. The creolist and the study of Negro non-standard
dialects in the continental
Dillard, J. L. 1971. The West African day-names in
Dillard, J.L. 1972. Black
English: Its history and usage in the United States.
Dillard, J. L. 1973. The
history of Black English. Revista Interamericana/Interamerican Review
2:507-20.
Dillard,
J.L. 1972. On a context for dialect data: The case of Black English. The
Dillard,
J.L. 1973. The historian’s history and the reconstructionist’s history in the
tracing of linguistic variants. The
Dillard,
J.L. 1975. On the beginnings of Black English in the
Dillard, J.L., ed. 1975. Perspectives
on Black English.
Dillard,
J.L. 1976. Black Names.
Dillard, J.L. 1977. Lexicon
of Black English.
Dillard, J.L. 1993. The
relative value of ex-slave narratives: A discussion of Schneider’s paper. In
Mufwene, ed. 1993:222-31.
Dollard, John. 1939. The
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Dorrill, George T. 1982. Black
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Dorrill, George T. 1986. A
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Dundes,
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Black-Southern white dialect controversy. In D. Harrison & T. Trabasso,
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Edwards, Walter F. and
Donald Winford, eds. 1991. Verb phrase patterns in Black English and Creole.
Edwards, Walter F. 1979.
Speech acts in
Edwards,
Walter F. 1980. Varieties of English in
Edwards,
Walter F. 1981. Two Varieties of English in
Edwards, Walter F. 1985.
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Edwards, Walter F. 1991. A
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Edwards, Walter F. 1992. Sociolinguistic behavior in a
Edwards, Walter F. 1998.
Sociolinguistic features of Rap lyrics: Comparisons with Reggae. In P Christie,
B Lalla, V Pollard & L Carrington (eds.), Studies in
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Erickson,
Erickson,
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[Farr Whiteman, Marcia.
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Fasold, Ralph W. 1969. Tense
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Fasold, Ralph W. 1972. Tense
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Fasold,
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Are Black and White vernaculars diverging? Special issue of American
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Fasold, Ralph W. 1990.
Contraction and deletion in Vernacular black English:
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Fasold, Ralph W. and Roger
W. Shuy, eds. Teaching Standard English in the
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Fasold,
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Feagin, Crawford. 1997. The
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Fickett, Joan. 1972. Tense
and aspect in Black English. Journal of English Linguistics 6:17-19.
Figueroa, Esther, &
Peter L. Patrick. 2001. The meaning of kiss-teeth.
Fine, Marlene, Carolyn Anderson, and Gary
Eckles. 1979. Black English on Black situation
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Fine, Marlene, and Carolyn Anderson. 1980. Dialectical features of Black
characters in situation comedies on television. Phylon 41(4):396-409.
Folb,
Edith. 1972. Black Vernacular vocabulary: A study of intra/intercultural
concerns and usage. UCLA.
Folb, Edith. 1980. Runnin'
down some lines. The language and culture of black teenagers.
Fordham, Signithia. 1988.
Racelessness as a factor in black students’ school success: Pragmatic strategy
or pyrrhic victory? Harvard Educational Review 58(1): 54-84.
Fordham, Signithia. 1993.
‘Those loud black girls’: (Black) women, silence and gender passing in the
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Fordham, Signithia. 1996. Blacked
out: Dilemmas of race, identity, and success at Capital High.
Fordham,
Signithia and John U. Ogbu. 1986. Black students’ school success: Coping with the burden of
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Foreman, Christina G. 1999.
Identification of African-American English dialect from prosodic cues. In Nisha
Merchant Goss, Amanda Doran & Anastasia Coles, eds., SALSA VII: Proceedings of the Seventh
Annual Symposium About Language and Society, 57-66.
Foster, Michele. 1989. It’s
cookin’ now: A performance analysis of the speech events of a Black teacher in
an urban commonity college. Language in Society 18: 1-29.
Foster, Michele. 1995.
Talking that talk: The language of control, curriculum, and critique. Linguistics
and Education 7:129-150.
Foster, Michele. 2001. Pay
Leon, Pay Leon, Pay Leon, Paleontologist: Using call-and-response to facilitate
language mastery and literacy acquisition among African American students. In
Lanehart, Sonja L (ed), Sociocultural and historical contexts of African
American English, 281-298.
Foster, Michele. 2001.
Review of African American English:
Structure, History, and Use by Salikoko S. Mufwene, John R. Rickford, Guy
Bailey, & John Baugh (eds.). New York, NY: Routledge, 1998. Linguistics and Education 12(2):
229-232.
Fraser, Bruce. 1973. Some
‘unexpected’ reactions to various American-English dialects. In Roger W. Shuy
and Ralph W. Fasold, eds., Language attitudes: Current trends and prospects,
28-35.
Fridland, Valerie. 2003. ‘Tie, tied
and tight’: The expansion of /ai/ monophthongization in African-American and
European-American speech in
G
Garner, Thurmon. 1983.
Playing the dozens: Folklore as strategies for living. Quarterly Journal of
Speech 69: 47-57.
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.
1988. The signifying monkey: A theory of African-American literary criticism.
Gilbert, Glenn G. 1993.
Historical development of the creole origin hypothesis of Black English: The
pivotal role of Melville J. Herskovits. In Mufwene, ed. 1993:458-75.
Gilbert, Glenn G. 1985. Hugo
Schuchardt and the Atlantic creoles: A newly discovered manuscript, ‘On the
Negro English of West Africa’. American Speech 60(1): 31-63.
Gilman, Charles. 1988. Black
identity, homeostasis, and survival: African and metropolitan speech varieties
in the
Goodwin, Marjorie Harness.
1990. He-Said-She-Said: Talk as social organization among Black children.
Goodwin, Marjorie Harness.
1992. Orchestrating participation in events: Powerful talk among African
American girls. In Kira Hall, Mary Bucholtz & Birch Moonwomon, eds., Locating
Power: Proceedings of the 1992
Gordon,Matthew
J. 2000. Phonological correlates of ethnic identity: Evidence of divergence? American
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