The Zulu Language Fall 2005 John Goldsmith, Gretta Buthelezi [saflagh.gif] We will meet three times a week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 10:30 to 11:20). The Friday meetings will be language classes, based on Teach Yourself Zulu. The purpose of this course: This course will be an attempt to combine a lot of different activities that make up the working day of the linguist. There will be language learning: each Friday will be a language class, with instruction by Gretta Buthelezi, a native speaker of Zulu. We will learn about Zulu life and culture from her as well, and she will teach us to sing some songs in Zulu. At the same time, we will be reading linguistic literature on Zulu--both traditional descriptive grammars (and here Doke's is the classic grammar to consult) and contemporary syntactic theory that applies current formal syntactic theory to Zulu and, more broadly, to Bantu with the hope of better understanding our theory and better understanding Zulu. But unlike the usual situation that faces the theoretical linguist reading a paper about a non-European language, we will not have to simply accept the facts as they are given to us in the papers: we will be able to check the data, and go beyond the published data to better understand the phenomena being analyzed. I realize that much of the theory in the papers that we will read will be unfamiliar to most of us, but that too is part of the everyday life of the working linguist, and we'll do our best to understand the theory (theories) as we encounter them. The grade will be based on: Undergraduates: One third based on quizzes based on language-learning (Friday sessions, TYZ book); two third based on two papers (7 to 8 pages in length), one paper on nouns and noun phrases, the other on verbs and sentences. Each paper should be a concise description of the system (noun, verb) in Zulu, intended for linguists who know nothing about Zulu. Draft of one paper due Week 7, one in Week 8; final drafts due the first day of Exam Week. Graduate students: A research paper. Ethnologue: Languages of South Africa. Songs: Thina simunye (by Gretta Buthelezi). Notes on Lizobuya and Unomathemba Check out a very nice Zulu learning page at http://www.newt.clara.co.uk/isizulu/index.htm ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 1 1.1.Introduction to the course: overview. A greeting or two in Zulu. Overview of the languages of Africa. Map of Africa. Link to a beautiful Bantu languages map": very large! Maho's maps of theories of Bantu expansion. 1 2 These are from J. F. Maho. 1999. A comparative study of Bantu noun classes. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. Assignment for next class: * Read The Spread of the Bantu Language. D. W. Phillipson. Scientific American 236(1976), 106-114. * Introduction to: Derek Nurse and Gerard Philippson. The Bantu Languages. 2003. London: Routledge. * Read An Introduction to African Linguistics, by Ngessimo M. Mutaka, in collaboration with Pius N. Tamanji.1995.[Henceforth: Mutaka], pp. 1-5, 18-20. Mutaka, Beginning through Chapter 1. 1.2 The Bantu languages: what properties define a Bantu language? The Bantu expansion; the Nguni family. Noun classes, and agreement. Guthrie classification of Bantu languages (map). Bantu linguistic studies. Assignment for next class: Read TYZ (Teach Yourself Zulu) Chapter 1, "Greetings". 1.3 Language class 1: greetings. Reading assignment for next week: * Read TYZ Pronunciation Guide (before Chapter One). * Read Textbook of Zulu Grammar, by Clement M. Doke pp. 1-28. (Henceforth: "Doke"). * Please just skim quickly through Chapters 2 and 3 of Mutaka.. * Read Chapter 1 ("Introduction") of Issues in Zulu Verbal Morphosyntax, Leston Buell, PhD dissertation, UCLA, 2005. [Henceforth: Buell IZVM]. This is not specifically for the next class; read it as a general introduction to some aspects of Zulu; you can ignore the heavy theoretical syntax for the moment. [map_isizulu.PNG] ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 2 2.1 Sounds of Zulu, and how it is spelled: consonants, vowels. Sounds from isiZulu.net. 2.2Language situation in South Africa. Guest class by Salikoko Mufwene. For next class, please read TYZ, Chapter 2: "Wena ungubani? Who are you?" 2.3 Language 2 Nkosi, Siza kuwe, by Gretta Buthelezi [Bantu_expansion.png] Created /by Mark Dingemanse 23 september 2004, released under CC-by-2.0 This map is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Reading assignment for next week: * Jan Vansina: Bantu in the Crystal Ball 1. History in Africa 6:287-333 (1979). Bantu in the Crystal Ball 2. History in Africa 7:295-325 (1980). These papers are a bit long, and will contain more detail than you will want to absorb, so most of it you should just skim. * Syntax, by Thomas Bearth, in Nurse, D. and G. Philippson (2003). The Bantu languages. London; New York: Routledge. * Doke, Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. Chapter 2 is a very short overview; Chapter 3 is the first of two chapters on nouns. * Mutaka pp. 122-128. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 3 Example sentences 3.1 Overview of Zulu syntax. Discuss Buell, Chapter 1; Bearth, pp. 121-130. Subject markers (SMs), Object Markers (OMs). Verbal extensions modifying argument structure. Word order and affix order. 3.2 Nouns: basic information. Noun classes: Noun class chart 1. Noun class chart 2. For next class, please read TYZ Chapter 3. 3.3 Language 3 Reading assignment for next week: Reread Syntax; by T. Bearth. Doke, part of Chapter 10-- just pp. 124-134. Also read Chapter 6 of Mutaka, but you can skim the details of the languages which are not Zulu or closely related. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 4 4.1 Verbs: the basic factors. Today's notes from class. Verbs 2 non-finite: infinitive imperative 5 moods: indicative subjunctive participial potential contingent Implications: Simple ngiyathanda Progressive ngisathanda Exclusive sengithanda Aspect Indefinite ngihlala I sit Continuous ngiyahlala I am getting into sitting... Perfect (stative verbs) ngihlezi I am seated Time Remote past Recent past Present Immediate future Remote future 4.2 Verbal agreement ("concord"): Subject, object markers and concord. Time permitting: perfect stem formation; perfect of semantically perfective verbs, perfect of other verbs. Morphophonology of perfect stem formation. For next class, please read TYZ, Chapter 4: 4.3 Language 4 Reading assignment for next week: Doke Chapters 5-6, 7-8. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 5 5.1 Pronouns. Doke Chapter 5. Class notes from today. Type of pronoun Head absolute roughly: -na demonstrative very roughly: la + CV; la + CV + o; la + CV + ya: quantitative -nke, -dwa; qualitative empty noun head? .Tables of inflectional morphemes in paradigms. 5.2 Things that "modify" or "qualify" a noun. These follow the head noun, and have a prefixal concord marker; but they have slightly different concord systems, phono-morphologically. How can we express naturally the syntactic generalization about realization of class/number concord? Type Concord system used Used with: adjectives a + very full nominal concord prefix; vowel coalescence. relative a + non-nasal concord prefix; vowel coalescence enumerative "conservative" prefix system -nye, -phi, -ni, -mbe possessive non-nasal prefix -o For next class, please read TYZ, Chapter 6 5.3 Language 5 Reading assignment for next week: * Read Buell IZVM Chapter 2. The issue to think about is this: are there puzzles in Zulu grammar which this analysis sheds light on? * Read the first part of Chapter 7 of Mutaka ("The syntax of African Languages"), pp. 156-172. Again, skim as appropriate. * read Interaction between discourse functions and agreement in Setswana, by Katherine Demuth and Mark Johnson. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 11: 22-35. Zulu equivalents for their data. This paper responds to: Topic, pronoun, and agreement in Chichewa.J. Bresnan and S. Mchumbo. Language 63(4): 741-782.Available online from our chalk.uchicago.edu site.. I've changed my mind: do read this paper, to understand what the nature of the arguments are; the facts are similar in important ways to what we find in Zulu. * For next class, read Constraining XP Sequences, pp. 1-20. Katherine Demuth and Jeffrey Gruber. Assignment: in your own words, explain the paragraph above (4) on page 5, in about 2 pages. Be sure to write an explicit phrase-structure rule for any structure you use. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 6 6.1 Are Subject Markers and Object Markers pronouns or not? Zulu equivalents of Chichewa Notes from class. 6.2 Continuing the discussion of complex morpheme order and syntax. Discussion of Demuth and Gruber, first part of paper. For next class, please read TYZ, Chapter 7: "Awugcwalise" 6.3 Language 6 Assignment for next week: * Doke Chapter 12. Just skim this; there is a lot of detail that goes well beyond what we're doing now. Louw's discussion (below) is clearer. * Doke, Paragraphs 731-740, and 835-838. * ** Louw: Se and be: Lessons 46-48. Read section 46 very carefully; there's some wild stuff going on here. ** Two pages from Louw on the participial mood; take a brief look at it: we have not encountered this yet. It's not at all clear to me how this should be treated. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 7 7.1 Further discussion of status of Object Markers and Subject Markers 7.2 Compound tenses. -- Notes on Kirundi poetry metrics (work with Jeanine Ntahirageza). For next class, please read TYZ, Chapter 8: 7.3 Language 7 For next class: read TYZ Chapter 8. * Relative clauses, in A Handbook of the Zulu Language, Louw, Ziervogel, and Ngidi. Pp. 62-65. * Word-level and phrase-level prefixes in Zulu. Jochen Zeller. Notes on examples in this paper. * Verb raising and subject inversion in comparative Bantu. Katherine Demuth and Carolyn Harford. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 20(1):41-61. * Read Doke, part of Chapter 10, pp. 132-134, and part of Chapter 21, pp. 334-340 "The long and short forms of the present and perfect tenses". * Read Buell IZVM Chapter 5 "The Short/Long Alternation". ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 8 8.1 Relative clauses and questions. Notes from class. Also of interest on relative clauses and questions. * Relative clauses and categorial features in Swahili, Brent Henderson (2004); * Evidence for Rizzi's left periphery: Bantu relative clauses, Brent Henderson * On word order restrictions in Bantu relative clauses. Nancy Kula. * Wh-question formation in Nguni. Joachim Sabel and Jochen Zeller For next class, please read Left dislocation in Zulu. Jochen Zeller. 2004 and handout on long/short forms in Zulu by Leston Buell, available on Chalk site. 8.2 Long and short versions of verbs; focus. We will discuss Buell's "Zulu long and short verb forms: focus or constituency?" Other paper you might look at: Tom Güldemann "Present progressive vis-ŕ-vis predication focus in Bantu" Studies in Language 2003, vol. 27(2) 323-60. Available on-line from U of Chicago computers. For next class, please read TYZ, Chapter 9: 8.3 Language 8 Reading assignment for next week: Doke Chapter. 20, just pages 311-325. Ziervogel pp. 62-64. 127-132. Agreement and inversion in Bantu relatives: typology and syntax. Brent Henderson ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 9 (Thanksgiving) 9.1 Relative clauses and questions. Discussion of Demuth and Harford 1999. For next class, please read TYZ, Chapter 11: 9.2 Language 9 Reading assignment for next week: The initial vowel of the noun in Zulu. P. M. S. von Staden. African Studies 32(3):163-181. 1973. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Week 10 10.1 Augment (preprefix). 10.2 Final class: Zulu party? what do you think? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Class Noun prefix Subject marker Object marker Adjectival concord: = a + augment + Noun Prefix Relative = a + augment + Subject Marker Enumerative = Pre-Nguni forms: no 1a/2a; no -n- in class 9/10. 1 2 mu ba u ba mu ba omu aba o aba mu ba 1a 2a u o u ba mu ba omu aba o aba mu ba 3 4 mu mi u i wu yi omu emi o e mu mi 5 6 (l)i ma li a li wa eli ama eli a li ma 7 8 si zi si zi si zi esi ezin esi ezi si zi 9 10 in izin i zi yi zi en ezin e ezi i zi 11 (lu) lu lu olu olu lu 14 bu bu bu obu obu bu 15 ku ku ku oku oku ku Subject agreement and locative inversion: * Locatives, impersonals, and expletives in Sesotho. Katherine Demuth. The Linguistic Review 7:233-249. * Syntax, by Thomas Bearth, pp. 139-142, on inversion. In Nurse, D. and G. Philippson (2003). The Bantu languages. London; New York: Routledge. Nouns, class marking, and the augment * On nominal morphology and DP structure. Vicki Carstens. In Theoretical Aspects of Bantu Grammar, ed. by Sam Mchombo.pp. 151-180. * The augment in Luganda: Syntax or pragmatics? Larry M. Hyman and Francis X. Katamba. In Theoretical Aspects of Bantu Grammar, ed. by Sam Mchombo.pp. 209-256. * Non-augmented NPs in Kinanade as negative polarity items. Liljana Progovac. In In Theoretical Aspects of Bantu Grammar, ed. by Sam Mchombo.pp. 257-269. * L'augment en bantou du Nord-Ouest. Claire Grégoire et Baudouin Janssens. In Bantu Historical Linguistics, ed. J.-M. Hombert and Larry Hyman. Nurse, D. and G. Philippson (2003). The Bantu languages. London; New York: Routledge. J. F. Maho. 1999. A comparative study of Bantu noun classes. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. Zulu links on the internet IsiZulu.net African languages.com (Zulu) Zulu English dictionary Web resources : (these are quite extraordinary!) 1. Jouni Maho et al: Web resources for Bantu languages. (Note their larger page for all African languages). 2. Bantu lexical reconstructions from Terveuren and Leiden (Bastin, Coupez, Mumba, and Schadeberg) 3. Bantu online resources: by Jacky Maniacky. 4. Bantu maps (CBOLD) 5. A Survey Report for the Bantu Languages by Derek Nurse SIL International 2001 http://www.mongabay.com/indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Zulu.html Two nice pages with maps and brief discussion: Manitoba Washington University Chromosomal research Zulu proverbs: http://www.antiquarian.co.za/Zulu%20Proverbs.htm Remarks on a few "polyplural" classes in Bantu. Jouni Maho. Africa and Asia, No. 3. 2003. pp. 161-84. Bantu languages FAQ! Names of Bantu languages Alphabetical list of names ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [Maho_Expansions.jpg] Ideophones Kinyarwanda: Alexandre Kimenyi. Iconicity of ideophones in Kinyarwanda: Form, function, content and context. Reduplication Morphosyntactic correspondence in Bantu reduplication. Larry Hyman, Sharon Inkelas, and Galen Sibanda. 1998. ROA 437. Bukusu reduplication. Laura Jo Downing. In Trends in African Linguistics 5, ed. by C. Githiora, H. Littlefield, and V. Manfredi. Lawrenceville NJ: Africa World Press, 73-84. 6.2 8.1 Tone Rycroft, David. Nguni Tonal Typology and Common Bantu. Journal of African Languages. Cope, A. T. Zulu Tonal Morphology. 8.2 Tone Clark, Mary M. 1988. An accentual analysis of the Zulu noun. In H. van der Hulst and N. Smith (eds.), Autosegmental Studies on Pitch Accent, pp. 51-79. Dordrecht: Foris. Clements, G. N. and John Goldsmith. 1984. Introduction to Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone. ** Cope, A.T. 1970. Zulu Tonal Morphology, Journal of African Linguistics, 9: 111-152. Downing, Laura. 1990. Local and metrical tone shift in Nguni. SAL 21, 261-317. Downing, Laura. 2001. How ambiguity of analysis motivates stem tone change in Durban Zulu. Khumalo, James. 1987. An autosegmental account of Zulu phonology. PhD dissertation, University of Witswatersrand. Laughren, Mary 1981. An Autosegmental Account of Tone in Zulu, in G.N. Clements, ed, Harvard Studies in Phonology, Vol. 2, distributed by Indiana University Linguistics Club: 218-310. Depression in Zulu: tonal effects of segmental features http://strazny.com/writing/depressor/toc.htm For next class, please read TYZ, Chapter 9: "Usebenzani James?" 8.3 Language